In the 1970’s the US Army Land Warfare Laboratory conducted research and published a report on blunt impact weapons which resulted in a finding that impact energies between 30 and 90 foot pound are ‘dangerous’, i.e. contusions, abrasions, broken ribs, concussions, loss of the eyes or superficial organ damage, whereas ‘Severe Damage’ occurs if the impact exceeds 90 foot pounds. (ibid., p. 337).‘Severe Damage’ includes serious skin lacerations, massive skull fractures, rupture of the heart and kidney, fragmentation of the liver and hemorrhages. This ammunition has a high probability of being lethal or producing Severe Damage as defined above at less than 12 feet

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